“Leave us in Peace”: Security in Colombia’s Cauca department

The Cauca department in Southwest Colombia has long been home to incessant conflicts between the local indigenous populations and Colombian government. Complicating the situation, the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) have made their home in the Western and Central Andes, an area known as the “impregnable fortress”(1)(2). Regular, violent clashes between the FARC and national forces occur in this territory predominantly populated by the country’s indigenous groups such as the Misak and Paez. Cauca’s favorable climate for the production of high quality coca, further muddies the waters and makes the region a center for the cultivation of illicit drugs.(4)(5)

 

In recent months, Cauca has come into the spotlight due to the escalating conflict between local tribes and the national army. The department’s security and the relative political stability will prove crucial for the future electoral success of the Colombian government. That said, the FARC’s escalated involvement in the region poses a direct threat to the relatively peaceful existence of its inhabitants. To illustrate, there were forty-two major acts of violence committed by the FARC in 2010 leading President Juan Manuel Santos to increase the armed forces in the region and create a new military base to monitor the FARC’s movement near the Toribio village. An estimated 65 percent of all homicides in Cauca occur in the rural areas of the department, so the strategic positioning of the base outside the village was a deliberate attempt to monitor the area.(6) It is fair to say that the growing number of homicides in the Cauca department has infuriated the local population and the level of condemnation  has risen proportionally as residents have suffered the increased violence.

On July 6, the situation deteriorated when the FARC launched several bombs that wounded two people, destroyed forty houses, and lead to the relocation of an estimated 600 inhabitants from the Miranda region.(7) Todd Howland, the U.N. Office of High Commissioner for Human Rights representative in Colombia, reported that more than 6,000 civilians had to flee the Cauca department as a result of most recent FARC attacks which caused twenty injuries and one death.(8) These attacks, it seem, have been a “tipping point” for the indigenous population of Cauca.

This year alone, twelve attacks have occurred in Toribio, half of which took place in July.(9) As the violence continues, the indigenous people are experiencing the full brunt of this relentless violence first-hand, ultimately becoming the unavoidable casualties in a war between the Colombian military and the FARC.(10) Frustrated with the inadequacies of government responses, many people have begun to distrust the government’s ability to respond and feel as though an increase in military presence will only result in an escalated conflict and an increase in civilian casualties.(11)

Marcos Yule, the governor of the Toribio indigenous people, may have best described the sentiments and aspirations of the community when he said:

We will not stand with our arms crossed, watching how they kill us and destroy our territories, communities, plans for our future, and our organizational processes…we have started a protest where the FARC and army are stationed to tell them face-to-face that we are dead tired we do not want them here and they should leave. They are wrong and should just leave us in peace. (12)

Given the government’s repeatedly futile responses to the situation, the local population has resorted to more drastic actions to demonstrate their dissatisfaction with current circumstances. On July 11, approximately 1,000 residents marched from Toribio to the surrounding mountains with the intention of convincing the FARC forces to leave the area.(13) Though the march did not necessarily achieve the desired results, the mobilization was an earnest demonstration of the courage and determination that it will take to achieve security in the area.

The growing mistrust between the local population and national military, as well as several appeals for the stationed units to withdraw from the Cauca department, prompted President Santos to travel to Toribio on July 16. Once there, he asserted that, “We are also tired of the war, but not for any reason will we demilitarize even a centimeter of our territory,” acknowledging the challenges that the military faces in trying to secure the region.(14)

 

On July 17, in what would become the most controversial of the indigenous protests to date, over one hundred locals marched upon the “Las Torres de Berlin” hill in an attempt to force the withdrawal of the national army units from the Toribio area.(15) In this effort to secure the demilitarization of the department, approximately one hundred men forcefully displaced the military camp by removing the army’s equipment, belongings, and even the soldiers.

On July 18, President Santos, reacting to the escalating tensions, issued a statement emphasizing the necessity of the army’s occupation of region saying that, “the presence of the army is not negotiable.”(16) Following this assertion, Santos provided emails accusing the FARC of distributing propaganda among the local communities calling for the withdrawal of the national army force.(17) This statement, intended to undermine the legitimacy of criticisms of the government, is consistent with a traditional political strategy of tarnishing the names of opponents by associating them with the FARC. Yet President Santos’ attempt to quell the protests by delegitimizing the claims of indigenous populations has ultimately failed as they continue to voice their opposition to both the FARC’s and the military’s involvement in the region.

In their critiques of the government and search for protection, Cauca’s indigenous populations have invoked article 7 of the Colombian Constitution which declares, “The state recognizes and protects the ethnic and cultural diversity of the Colombian nation.”  Moreover, Article 246 states that the governmental authorities of the indigenous peoples have the right to “exercise their jurisdictional functions within their territorial jurisdiction and in accordance to their own laws and procedures.”(18)

Yet as a result of the national military’s incompetence and FARC’s incessant threats, the residents of the Cauca department have become one of the most organized tribal communities in Colombia. Their propositions include several self-protection measures against the guerrilla forces. Additionally, the Association of indigenous Villages of Cauca’s website hosts a number of legal documents supporting the call for demilitarization of the region. For example, under Article 18 of the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention of 1989, the indigenous people can claim the right to prosecute unauthorized use of their land.

A potential conflict resolution strategy could be incorporating the indigenous people into the national army and providing the locals with the proper information to protect themselves while serving in the Colombian army. If established, it would satisfy the indigenous groups’ desire for self-protection and eliminate the incentive for new anti-governmental armed units to be formed.  Most importantly, such a strategy would help resolve the lack of trust between the army and the indigenous people. However, some point out that this could potentially provide the armed forces with opportunities for abuse. Regardless, “mixed” or entirely sovereign indigenous battalion units could help foster the development of a positive relationship with local communities while the military forces could continue its fight against the guerrilla army and remain in the Cauca department.

The problems discussed above highlight decade-long concerns, such as the lack of land reform initiatives, that have historically lead to the formation of various rebellious groups, notably the FARC in 1964. In turn, these groups have become dependent upon the cultivation and illegal sale of coca, as means of financing their anti-state fight. This is exactly what we have seen happening in the Cauca region, where the rich soil has been used extensively by the FARC for drug cultivation. Consequently, an increased presence of the FARC has led to the growing involvement of the national army in the area. At times, those clashes between both the national army and FARC forces have taken place on the land of the indigenous people. As the chairman of Toribio describes it, “Since 1983, we have witnessed fourteen towns conquered, more than 400 attacks, and hundreds of people injured.”(19)

Repeated governmental failures to safeguard indigenous lands have incentivized locals to unite and demand their Constitutional right to security. The military’s role has been primarily authoritative and reforms have not been sufficiently democratic or transformative enough for any improvement in the system to take place. The most recent example is a proposal calling for a judicial reform, aimed at expanding the military’s jurisdiction to investigate and to prosecute any alleged human rights crimes committed by security forces. The initiative was withdrawn in February 2012 after it was highly criticized by human rights bodies along with similar organizations. President Juan Manuel Santos must understand the serious implications that the army’s human rights violations would have for the Colombian government on all levels, especially regarding its relationship with the United States. It must be noted, however, that the human rights track record of the military is significantly better than that of the FARC; nonetheless, Santos must continue pursuing reforms in the direction of democratizing the army.

In order to arrive at an answer to the ongoing security problem in the Cauca valley, a through examination of the roots of the conflict will prove essential. The most effective solutions addressing the situation will inevitably involve the rebuilding of trust between the Colombian military and the indigenous groups of the region as well as the cooperation between communities and the army in the fight against the FARC.

 

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Citations:

(1) Hernandez-Mora, S. Cauca, la Guerra inacabable. El Mundo. 5-29-2012. http://www.elmundo.es/america/2011/05/27/colombia/1306511810.html

(2) Pena, A. Nativos del Cauca tensan la cuerda para echar de su zona al Ejército colombiano. El Pais. 7-18-2012. http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/07/18/actualidad/1342572089_940711.htm

(3) Indígenas rechazan Policía y Farc. Vanguardia. 7-10-2012. http://www.vanguardia.com/actualidad/colombia/164773-indigenas–rechazan–policia–y–farc

(4) Pena, A. “¡Váyanse con su guerra a otra parte!” El Pais. 7-22-2012 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/07/19/actualidad/1342722561_757576.html

(5) Tres departamentos se ‘rajaron’ en reducción de matas de coca. El Tiempo. 6-7-2012. http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-7743591

(6) Glade, J. Drug, guerrillaviolenceiscripplingColombia‘ssouthwesternCaucadepartment. TheColombianReport. 4-11-2011. http://colombiareports.com/colombia–news/news/15526-drug–guerrilla–violence–is–crippling–cauca.html

(7) Indígenas rechazan Policía y Farc. Vanguardia. 7-10-2012 http://www.vanguardia.com/actualidad/colombia/164773-indigenas–rechazan–policia–y–farc

(8) ‘Ya hay 6.000 desplazados en el Cauca’: Naciones Unidas. El Tiempo. 7-18-2012. http://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/occidente/tension–en–cerro–de–toribio–cauca_12041842-4

(9) Noguera,I. Desafío indígena en el Cauca. El Tiempo. 7-14-2012. http://www.eltiempo.com/justicia/ARTICULO–WEB–NEW_NOTA_INTERIOR-12031594.html

(10)  Pena, A. Los indígenas de Colombia se rebelan contra la violencia de las FARC. El Pais. 7-11-2012. http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/07/11/actualidad/1342004330_713460.html

(11) Indígenas ofrecen disculpas por ’empujones’ a soldados en el Cauca. El Tiempo. 7-18-2012. http://www.eltiempo.com/politica/indigenas–ofrecen–disculpas–por–choques–con–miembros–del–ejercito–en–cauca_12044570-4

(12) Los medios oficiales le hacen eco a las mentiras de los militares. Asociacion de Cabildos Indigenas del Norte del Cauca. 8-17-2012. http://nasaacin.org/noticias/3-newsflash/4340-los–medios–oficiales–le–hacen–eco–a–las–mentiras–de–los–militares

(13) Pena, A. Los indígenas de Colombia se rebelan contra la violencia de las FARC. El Pais. 7-11-2012 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/07/11/actualidad/1342004330_713460.html

(14) EFE. Santos: “De ninguna forma vamos a desmilitarizar ni un centímetro de tierra”. El Pais. 7-12-2012. http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/07/12/actualidad/1342075429_903932.html

(15) LatinNews Daily Report – 18 July 2012:  http://www.latinnews.com/component/k2/item/52395.html?full=true&period=&archive=3&cat_id=788828%3Acolombia%E2%80%99s–indigenous–guard-%E2%80%98evicts%E2%80%99-army)

(16) En medio de la alta tensión, se abre el diálogo en Cauca. El Tiempo. 7-18-2012. http://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/occidente/acercamientos–en–cauca–entre–gobierno–e–indigenas_12045363-4

(17) En medio de la alta tensión, se abre el diálogo en Cauca. El Tiempo. 7-18-2012. http://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/occidente/acercamientos–en–cauca–entre–gobierno–e–indigenas_12045363-4

(18) Text of Constitution of Colombia. 1991. The University of Richmond. http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/colombia_const2.pdf

(19) Noguera,I. Desafío indígena en el Cauca. El Tiempo. 7-14-2012 http://www.eltiempo.com/justicia/ARTICULO–WEB–NEW_NOTA_INTERIOR-12031594.html